第二部分　　阅读判断

第九篇                                           
   What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.
Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud¹，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung² was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.³ Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
词汇：

psychologist / saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst / n．心理学家
psychiatrist /sai' kaiətrɪst/ n．精神病学家(医生)
Austrian / ˈɔstrɪən / adj．奥地利的
gender / ˈdʒendə / n．性别

注释：
1．Sigmund Freud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
2．Carl Jung：卡尔•荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。
3．For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。
练习：
1．Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
2．According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
3．Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
4．In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
5．According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
6．Men and women dream about different things.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
答案与题解
1．A　这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。
2．A　第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。
3．B　第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4．C　文中没有提及。
5．A　依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。
6．A　本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
7．B　最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。
第十三篇                                               Stage Fright¹
Fall down as you come onstage. That’s an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,² Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”
Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.³
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,⁴ to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don’t deny that you’re jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile,’’ she says. “And not one of these ‘please don’t kill me’ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.” She doesn’t want performers to think of the audience as a judge.
Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.
When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought,‘ If I have to go through this to play music, I think I’m going to look for another job.”⁵ Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.⁶
It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz’s nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,” Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.
Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when you’re scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don’t have any expectations,” Soprano June Anderson said. “There’s less to lose. Later on, when you’re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”
Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until I’ve sung my last note.”
词汇：

veteran / ˈvetərən / adj．经验丰富的
jittery / ˈdʒɪtəri / adj．紧张不安的
mentor / ˈmenˌtɔ: / n．指导者
soprano / səˈprprɑ:nəʊ / n．女高音；女高音歌手
cellist/ ˈtʃelɪst / n．大提琴演奏家
abdominal / æbˈdɔmənəl / adj．腹部的
fallible/ ˈfæləbəl / adj．易犯错误的
tenor /'tenə/ n．男高音

注释：
1．Stage Fright：舞台恐惧
2．The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic…资深大提琴家Mstislav Rostropovich故意把Vladimir Feltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症。cure somebody of something (illness, problem)：医治好病（解决问题）
3．… its symptoms：icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind：舞台恐惧的症状有手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。
4．Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out ：老师和心理学家提出了方方面面的建议，一些基础知识，比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心…… inside out： in great detail详细地，从里到外地
5．I came to a point where I thought，“If I have to go through this to play music, I think I’m going to look for another job. ”我曾经一度认为，如果搞音乐就必须经过克服舞台恐惧这一关的话，这项工作不能做。
6．Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.不舞台恐惧意味着提高谦卑感，即认识到不管你多有才，你也会出错，一个有瑕疵的音乐会也绝对不是世界末日。
练习：
1．Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
2．There are many signs of stage fright.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
3．Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
4．To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
5．If you have stage fright, it's helpful to have friendly audience.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
6．Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
7．Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．B　本文第一段讲的是钢琴家Vladimir Feltsman被Mstislav Rostropovich绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈了的故事。
2．A　第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为手冰凉、身体颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。
3．B　本文的第三、四、五、六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。
4．A　依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.(表演中激情是自然甚至是必要的）
5．C　第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们用眼光交流。所以克服舞台恐惧要靠自己而不是指望所有的观众都友好。
6．A　第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。extreme demands就是expect too much of them的意思。
7．B　第七段讲的是：不只年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧症，钢琴家Vladimir Horowitz和男高音Franco Corelli亦不能幸免。Never一词不恰当。
第十四篇                            Azeri Hills Hold Secret of Long Life
You can see for kilometers from the mountains where Allahverdi Ibadov herds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow, red, and purple wildflowers. The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular, but Mr. Ibadov barely gives it a second glance.
Why should he? He’s been coming here nearly every day for 100 years.
According to his carefully preserved passport, Mr. Ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler, is at least 105 years old. His wife, who died two years ago, was even older. They are among the dozens of people in this beautiful, isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives.
Mr. Ibadov’s eldest son has just turned 70. He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.¹ “I’m an old man now I look after the sheep, and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. “
A lifetime of toil, it seems, takes very few people to an early grave in this region. Scientists admit there appears to be something in the Azeri mountains that gives local people a longer, healthier life than most.
Miri Ismailov’s family in the tiny village of Tatoni are convinced that they know what it is. Mr. Ismailov is 110, his great-great-grandson is four. They share one proud boast: Neither has been to a doctor. “There are hundreds of herbs on the mountain, and we use them all in our cooking and for medicines”; explained Mr. Ismailov’s daughter, Elmira. “We know exactly what they can do. We are our own doctors.，’
There is one herb for high blood pressure，another for kidney stones，and a third for a hacking cough. They are carefully collected from the slopes surrounding the village. Experts from the Azerbaijan Academy of Science believe the herbs may be part of the answer. They have been studying longevity in this region for years. It began as a rare joint Soviet-American project in the 1980s，but these studies are not being funded any more.
Azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron unique to the southern mountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity. Another plant, made into a paste, dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are able to produce. “Now we have to examine these plants clinically to find out which substances have this effect,” said Chingiz Gassimov, a scientist at the academy.
The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago.2 The Russians’ life span is much shorter than that of the indigenous mountain folk — though it is appreciably longer than that of their ancestors left behind in the Russian heartland.
“Over the decades，I believe local conditions have begun to have a positive effect on the new arrivals” , Professor Gassimov said. “It’s been slowly transferred down the generations.”
But Mr. Ismailov, gripping his stout wooden cane, has been around for too long to get overexcited. “There’s no secret,” he shrugged dismissively. “I look after the cattle and I eat well. Life goes on.”
词汇：

herd / hə:d / vt．放牧
boast / bəust / vt．以有……而自豪
longevity / lɔnˈdʒeviti / n．长寿
Caucasus /丨ˈkɔ:kəsəs / n．高加索
Dismissively /dis'misivli/ adv．轻蔑地
spectacular / spekˈtækjulə / adj．壮观的
hacking cough干咳
saffron / ˈsæfrən / n．藏红花
indigenous / ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs / adj．本土的

注释：
1．He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.他很久以前就数不清他有多少个孙辈孩子。lost count：弄不清楚，数不清
2．The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago.当地人已经具备长寿的遗传素质，一组关于俄罗斯移民的研究证实了这一理论。他们的祖先在两百年前被流放到高加索地区。genetic predisposition：遗传素质
练习：
1．Amburdere is a city in Southern Azerbaijan.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
2．Allahverdi Ibadov does not know exactly how old he is.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
3．Mr. Ibadov can’t do any kind of work anymore.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
4．Miri Ismailov has never been to a doctor but his great-great-grandson has.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
5．People in this region enjoy a easy and rich life.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
6．Elmira Ismailov is a doctor who uses herbs as medicines.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
7．Scientists think people’s genes might affect how long they live.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1．A　从第一段的第二句前半句The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular中的Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan可以看出，Amburdere在Azerbaijan的南部。
2．A　通过第三段的第一句中的Mr. Ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler以及at least 105 years old可以断定，连他自己也不知道他的确切年龄。
3．B　从第四段的Mr. Ibadov自己的叙述：“I’m an old man now I look after the sheep, and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. ”可以看出，Ibadov仍旧在劳作。
4．B　第六段讲的是Miri Ismailov一家人都住在一个小山村里，他110岁，他的玄孙4岁，他们有同一个引以为豪的事：都没有看过医生。本句说Ismailov没有看过医生，而他的玄孙看过医生。
5．C　句的意思是：这个地区的人们生活无忧无虑且富足。本文虽然提到这个地区的人们身体健康且长寿，但没有提及他们的生活情况。
6．B　第六段和第七段虽然讲我们是我们自己的医生，这是一个比喻，意思是我们不用医生，我们吃的东西（山上的植物）具有保健作用。所以Elmira的职业不是医生。
7．A　本句的意思是：科学家们认为，基因可能影响人们的寿命。第九段的第一句所表达的意思与本句相符：当地人具备了长寿的遗传素质（genetic predisposition)，他们具有长寿基因。
第五部分　　补全短文
第四篇                                              The Bilingual Brain
When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea’s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.¹ As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. ____1____ They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.
The researchers used an instrument called an MRI² (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. ____2____. The other consisted of people who， like Kim，learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn’t speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.
Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Broca's area³, which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke’s area³, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. ____3____
People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca’s area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca’s area for their second language. ____4____ Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.
A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. ____5____
词汇：

immigrate / ˈɪmɪˌgreɪt / vt．使移居入境
scanner / ˈskænə / n．扫描仪
bilingual / baɪˈlɪŋgw(ə) l / adj．具备双语能力的
 
neuroscientist /'njʊərəʊ'saɪəntɪst / n.神经系统科学家
unique / ju:ˈni:k / adj.独特的
disrupt / disˈrʌpt /使中断

注释：
1．Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.现在他说一口流利的英语，并且有一独特的机会来审视我们的大脑是如何适应第二语言的。adapt to：适应
2．MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)：磁共振成像
3．Bmca’s area：布洛卡区，也译为布罗卡区是大脑的一区，它主管语言讯息的处理、话语的产生。与Wernicke’s area共同形成语言系统。布若卡区与韦尼克区通常位于脑部的优势半脑(通常位于左侧），这是由于大多数人(97%)是右利的缘故。1861年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗。布罗卡（Paul Broca，1824—1880)对一些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发现此一区域，位于大脑皮层额下回后部的44、45区，故以其发现者的名字命名为布罗卡区。
练习：
A　But their use of Broca’s area was different.
B　One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.
C　How does Hirsch explain this difference?
D　We use special parts of the brain for language learning.
E　And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.
F　Their work led to an important discovery.
答案与题解：
1．F　根据本空的后一句：They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.其中they found evidence与discovery相呼应。
2．B　依据本空的后一句The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. one. . . the other是一固定搭配，用来比较同类事物。
3．A　整段讲的是Kim他们对大脑的两个语言中心的分析，得出两组被试都用Wernicke’s area中同一地带，紧接着该谈被试们使用Broca’s area的情况。
4．C　本段的开头谈到孩子学习第一和第二语言都用Broca’s area相同的地带；而成人学习第二语言时使用Broca’s area不同的地带。后面都是Hirsch对这一现象的解释；He believes…根据上下文C是恰当的。
5．E　该句是全文的结束语。本段前两句都讲成年人与小孩习得语言的不同，Hirsch认为，母亲教小孩说话用不同于成人的方法，比如用触摸、声音和情景。Different是一关键词，所以，我们在中学和大学课堂学语言的方法和母亲教孩子的方法是不同的。
第十篇                              How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear
Most people think of Beethoven’s hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.
This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity¹, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. ____1____. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.
Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.
____2____. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months: “my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn’t differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.² After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these play backs, to ‘ hear’ music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. ”
How is it that the world we see，touch，hear，and smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant³. ____3____. However, it might be possible to use the brain’s remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.
When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, “The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”
The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.⁴ ____4____. He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ‘ clarity’ to hearing in my head.⁵”
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect，but which can change their lives. ____5____. Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.
词汇：

obstacle / ˈɔbstək(ə)l /n．障碍
biographer / baiˈɔɡrəfə / n．传记作者
insistent / ɪnˈsɪst(ə)nt / adj．连续的
adversity / ædˈv ə:sɪtɪ / n．逆境；不幸
fascinate / ˈfæsɪneɪt / vt. 使着迷，使神魂颠倒
accompaniment / əˈkʌmp(ə)nim(ə)nt / n. 伴奏

注释：
1．the triumph of will over adversity：the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力成功战胜不幸
2．I couldn’t differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.我不能分辨我听到的和真实的声音有什么不同。
3．cochlear implant：a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals人工耳蜗；耳蜗植入
4．But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.但是，如果碰到钟爱的音乐，人工耳蜗没有任何帮助。（我不用人工耳蜗就能听出来）
5．The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added “clarity” to hearing in my head.由于我手指在钢琴上的飞动，我能感觉到琴键，因而使我听到的东西在脑海里更加清晰。
练习：
A　No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.
B　When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.
C　Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.
D　Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21.
E　Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.
F　Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.
答案与题解：
1．F　本段的开头讲：贝多芬的例子是一个意志力战胜耳聋的极好的例子。但是，他的传记作家Maynard Solomon却持不同的意见。贝多芬的耳聋不是一种灾难；相反，对他成为作曲家起到了促进作用。后一句解释了耳聋如何使贝多芬更好地创作。
2．D　该句是本段的开头，根据后一句：他描述了在三个月之内发生的奇妙的现象：我先前的音乐经历开始在我的脑海里回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰当的。
3．A　依据前一句：只有人工耳蜗才能使外部刺激和内心感知联系起来（耳聋的人通过人工耳蜗听到外部的声音）。人工耳蜗就是一种man-made device，后一句也是在讲人工耳蜗的功能。所以A是对的。
4．B　依据后一句的play the piano呼应When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano，可以断定答案为B。
5．C　前一句讲人工耳蜗的作用：它能使耳聋的人听到声音，尽管不完美，但改变了他们的生活；Still表示转折，该句承上启下，虽然人工耳蜗能帮助耳聋的人，但谈到音乐的韵律时，听力是不相关的（听力不起作用）。所以后一句讲贝多芬在他生命的最后时刻创作第九交响乐时，无论多么完美的人工耳蜗对他来说都没有用。
第十四篇                                           A Memory Drug?
IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug. ____1____ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.¹
Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP² and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. ____2____ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout³, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.
If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. ____3____ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?
____4____ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?
Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.⁴ The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience?⁵ ____5____
词汇：

tantalizing / ˈtæntəlaɪzɪŋ / adj．诱人的
synaptic / sɪˈnæptɪk / adj．(解剖学）突触的
steroid / ˈstɪərɔɪd / n．类固醇                       
onslaught / ˈɔnslɔ:t / n．大量
lucrative / ˈlu:krətɪv / adj．有利可图的
hit /hit / n．(演出等）成功